8004 June General Paper

8004 May/June 2014 Paper 11

1 ‘Criticising your own country is important for its well-being.’ How far do you agree?
• Democratic debate; it is important that the government agenda is openly discussed and
strong views expressed. This is a sign of a healthy, resilient democracy.
• Apart from individuals, the media, the performing arts, all contribute to a critical engagement
with government policy.
• Institutions, directly or indirectly connected to the running of a country, for example hospitals,
schools, the armed forces, need to be scrutinised.
• The possibility of criticism can deter wrongdoing and make governments aware of their
shortcomings.
• Criticism, even in the form of satire, has to have a moral purpose and not be motivated by
prejudice, undue bias, or be tainted by sour cynicism.
• The purpose of criticism is to repair, to encourage change, and should not be unpleasantly
negative.
• Critics should be informed; they should be able to defend their opinions.
• A critical, thoughtful understanding of your country’s history would enrich what you write.
• An answer may examine the meaning of patriotism.

2 ‘High quality goods and services are only available to the privileged few.’ Is this true in
your opinion?
• This can be true, especially where there is a wide gulf between the rich and the poor.
• Access to good health provision could be considered.
• Educational opportunities may be restricted.
• The statement may not be true if there is a fair distribution of wealth in a prosperous country.
• The definition of ‘high quality goods and services’ may vary from country to country.
• A global as well as local perspective is desirable.
• Apart from education and health, the following contexts could be relevant: transport, energy,
food.
• Reference could be made to political action and the struggle for equality.
• Organisations designed to offer ‘quality’ to the majority, for example, unions, cooperative
movements, credit unions, housing projects, may also be mentioned.

3 ‘Those who don't work contribute nothing to society.’ Discuss.
• Cost to society in benefit and welfare payments.
• There are various genuine reasons why some cannot work: long-term ill health, chronic
depression, serious injury.
• Can create a negative impression of the country leading to lack of investment.
• Unemployment can become a way of life, a culture passed from generation to generation.
• Many of the elderly don’t work but contribute enormously to society in various ways.
• Volunteering is increasingly common and is encouraged by politicians. Therefore those that
govern see the value of their contribution to society.
• Many people by circumstance and necessity have to act as unpaid carers.
• Many cannot work because if they do they may not be able to feed and clothe their families.
What they are genuinely entitled to in benefits may be more than they can reasonably expect
to earn.
• It can be argued that it is society’s responsibility to provide work; current economic realities
preclude full and meaningful employment.

4 To what extent will the world benefit from the rise of China? • An economic engine powering the global economy, though some may argue this has stalled. • Brings money, trade, investment, infrastructure, to less economically developed areas such as Africa. • May open up China to new ideas – democracy and a free press, for example. Some may mention the Chinese government’s interference with Google. • Loss of freedom – for example, Tibet, and other areas of the world in danger of becoming client states. • Alleged lack of concern for health and safety, for example in the mining sector, may have a ripple effect. • The same may be true as regards human rights. • Dangers of militarisation and the rise of a new Empire. • Dominance in sport – a challenge or a threat? • Increased awareness of the richness of Chinese culture will bring about beneficial internal and external effects.

5 ‘Modern technology imprisons the human spirit.’ How much truth is there in this view? • Some may argue that written composition on paper is more creative than work produced on a machine. • Technology can create communication barriers – face to face communication is genuine and productive. • Working from home may have its benefits but it can isolate and have harmful social consequences. • Dangers to family life – the young have less contact with others – the image of the teenager permanently hooked up to various IT gadgets. • People may feel they are being controlled by technology. • IT offers many opportunities for creativity in (for example) photography, art, music, design. • Modern means of communication can dramatically open up the world, especially in areas where injustice and violence are endemic. • The benefits of modern technology in the classroom – too many to mention! • The information available empowers and liberates.

6 Some people would argue that those who smoke, drink alcohol or are obese should not have priority medical treatment. What is your view? • People should be expected to have more control over their health. • Consequent waste of resources. • Addiction is ‘a disease’ and therefore should be treated as we would any other illness. • Obesity is a major problem – what should be our attitude to children who are afflicted by this condition? • ‘Vices’ like smoking and drinking are heavily taxed, therefore the sufferers do contribute. • There are ethical considerations – for example, the Hippocratic Oath. • Where do we draw the line? Are those who engage in dangerous sports less deserving of priority treatment? • Longevity is putting an added strain on health provision – this is the real challenge to health services. • Legal problems may arise in the human rights context.

7 ‘Travel broadens the mind.’ How far is this true? • Experiencing new cultures leads to understanding of others. • Exciting and adventurous for young people (gap year). • Increases confidence, for example in languages. • Could stay at home as there are diverse cultures in many nations. • Books/the internet can be just as mind-broadening. • Travel and tourism are not synonymous. • Visiting other countries could reinforce prejudices. • Many individuals never leave their own locality but enrich or have enriched the lives of others. • Those who worry about the environmental impact of travel may choose not to.

8 Assess the usefulness of statistics in people’s lives. • Health statistics. • Age profile of a population. • Distribution of population. Demographics. • Ethnicity profiles. • Housing needs can be discerned. • Air quality and weather. • Statistics can be manipulated. • Data may be flawed; based on too small a sample. • Statistics can be used/exploited by interest groups.

9 Language is constantly changing. Should we be concerned about this?

• New terminology is always being absorbed, driven by several factors: technological, medical, cultural.
• Language, like anything else, evolves.
• Common referencing of things around us is needed.
• Words and phrases from other languages (borrowings) can communicate more than any alternative in the original – for example ‘schadenfreude’.
• Specialist vocabulary contributes to change – for example ‘the drop zone’ from skydiving.
• However, there is a danger that clichés become embedded, thus devaluing language – for example ‘a level playing field’.
• Acquisition of new language is neither wholly good nor bad.
• ‘Management speak’ is turgid.
• Fashionable expressions can soon become anachronisms – for example ‘blue sky thinking’, ‘come and go’.
• Opinions on text speak vary.
• For every word you gain you must guard against losing one … language is enriched by the past – for example hymns, the King James Bible, Shakespeare.
• The ability to switch from one mode of expression to another is worth cultivating.
• Words and expressions are a joy in themselves.
• Global language is perhaps inevitable but regrettable culturally – the loss of minority languages.
• This is not just a modern trend.

10 ‘There is no beauty in modern art.’ Discuss with reference to specific examples.

• Candidates will need to define beauty.
• Responses must contain examples.
• Lively essays are expected – candidates may wholeheartedly agree with the statement.
• Examples may be drawn from any artistic medium.

11 Many people are dedicated followers of fashion. How far are health and happiness dependent on image?

• Candidates may comment upon what it means to be dedicated.
• ‘Fashion’ requires definition and to cope successfully with the question it needs to be a broad definition, for example, embracing clothing, diet, attitudes, gadgetry, technology, locations.
• Extreme diets are harmful to health.
• Financial cost; conspicuous spending and consumption.
• Anxieties over peer pressure.
• However being in the mode, in the swing of things, can help build confidence.
• May actually encourage exercise and a healthy diet.
• May be fun.
• Nevertheless preoccupation with image can hinder personal growth and relationships.

12 To what extent is the phenomenon of celebrity modern?

• Candidates should define what might be meant by the phenomenon of modern celebrity.
• Positive as well as negative aspects of ‘celebrity’ could be explored.
• A keyword is ‘modern’ – candidates must indicate why ‘celebrity’ is perhaps not so modern a phenomenon.
• There are several historical examples they may wish to cite – from a British perspective Florence Nightingale, Wat Tyler? From another perspective, Toussaint L’Ouverture?
• Clearly this question requires a discussion in which past and present feature.

June Paper 12

1 ‘Memory creates myths; history records facts.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement?

• What is fact? Facts can be deployed selectively, for example to coincide with personal bias. The authorship of a historical document or any written history has to be considered. Was there lack of information at the time of writing?
• The facts that are recorded may not give the whole picture. Social conditions, the lives of the poor, may not be taken into account.
• History does not rely solely on written sources. Where there was no written language, we have to rely on other sources, for example, archaeological where the best that may be possible is intelligent guesswork.
• Memory is selective, creates its own myths, can lose its focus over time.
• National myths can be powerful in sustaining identity and can be used for propaganda.
• Myth is part of a nation’s history, its sense of self, and it is also recorded.
• Memories are passed on from generation to generation and what is passed on may be accurate and as illuminating as anything written down.
• Candidates may refer to historical fiction and/or romance. • Why should myth be regarded as untrue?

2 ‘The interests of the few, not the many, drive government policy.’ How far do you agree?

• Governments are merely servants of the big corporations and multi-nationals.
• Desire to please those who fund the political party in power.
• Powerful interest groups, the military/industrial complex, for example, have more influence on policy than the voters.
 • Where there is genuine democratic accountability selfish interests may not prevail.
• Many go into politics with a strong desire to improve the lives of others.
• However, it may suit governments to pander to the Press.
• Class, religious, and ethnic loyalties may override other considerations.
• The need to be re-elected may come first.
• It’s impossible to have a national government for all the people.

3 Can expenditure on prestigious events, like the Olympic Games or a state occasion, be justified?

• Such events can foster national pride, though this may only be temporary.
• Expenditure on these events may seem profligate given other problems facing society.
• Sport and/or pageant may inspire the young.
• Potential increase in tourism and economic benefits.
• Venues can be used in the future and therefore benefit local people.
• However, the local environment may not recover.
• Money may not be recovered.
• Bad or unwelcome news can be buried, can obscure other issues.
• The patriotic feelings aroused could verge on the xenophobic.

4 ‘The state should provide financial support for families raising children.’ How far do you agree?

• Only through taxation are governments in a position to provide the security and resources that families need. • State interference discourages personal responsibility.
• Only advanced economies can countenance supporting families.
• Responsibility should be shouldered by charities, not the state.
• A country’s future prosperity hinges on the young so varieties of support are essential.
• Children are the victims of extreme inequality and disadvantage.
• Public provision has to be provided at public expense.
• States should celebrate advances in social justice not dismantle them.
• The implications of population size need to be recognised. Mumbai has more people than Holland.

5 Does it matter that insects such as bees might be in danger of extinction?

• It is likely that there are 8 million different species and they can live in every environment in the world.
• Bees play a major role in the pollination of trees and blossom.
• Insects such as big-eyed bugs and Praying Mantises eat aphids and caterpillars which feed on plants. • Insects can aerate soil.
• Insects can decompose dead materials, thereby re-introducing nutrients into the soil.
• They can fertilize soil with droppings.
• Burrowing bugs make channels for water drainage.
 • If insects disappeared, man would only live for a few months, also birds and animals would be affected due to the domino effect in the food chain.
• Food and medical benefits of insects.

6 ‘Water is too precious to be treated as a commodity.’ How far do you agree?

• In less economically developed countries water is both precious and, of course, essential. To regard water in this context as a commodity is immoral.
• Perhaps it is right to regard water as a commodity in wealthier countries so that better infrastructure may be provided elsewhere.
• Water is essential for life and therefore is priceless.
• Buying and selling water puts even more power into the hands of the powerful.
• Water is in high demand by industry and agriculture but the ordinary user’s essential need can be a life and death matter.
• As a commodity it can be used sensibly and for all if adequately monitored and fairly distributed.
• Water can be used so that the environment is protected, for example, dams.
• Water companies must be answerable to outside bodies.

7 ‘The intensive rearing of animals for meat production worsens the world’s food problems and harms the environment.’ Discuss.

• Damage to the environment, for example, deforestation for cattle.
• Corn and other cereals grown for animals could be used for humans to promote a sustainable global food supply.
 • Too much red meat is bad for health.
• It can be argued that intensive rearing is more productive than free-range.
• There is a link between methane and global warming.
• Animal welfare issues should be a concern – they are sentient beings.
• Soy plantations for animal feed force people off the land and cause poverty.
• The environmentally damaging use of pesticides.
• Well managed pasture reduces our carbon footprint.

8 ‘Sophisticated technology does not make us more secure.’ How true is this?
• Internet can be destroyed by viruses causing potentially very harmful economic and security problems.
• Hacking is also a major threat.
• Human error puts too much at risk.
• However, there are many ways of enhancing security: firewalls, internet banking.
• Sophisticated weaponry can increase our security, for example, drones.
• However, the very real danger of certain military capabilities falling into the ‘wrong’ hands.
• New medical technologies can offer us greater security, for example, implants, pacemakers, and medical imaging in airport security.
• The positives and negatives of CCTV may be considered.
• Mention of 9/11 and related incidents is clearly relevant.

9 ‘If English is the language of education and business, we are one happy family, no matter how far apart countries are.’ How far do you agree?

 • With English as a common language we can communicate on a more familiar level.
• Greater understanding of idiom, humour, and attitude.
• Easier to have a productive business relationship when ideas and intentions are expressed in the same language.
• Candidates may question whether a common language promotes peace and understanding. Is a common language, in this case English, a guarantee of mutuality?
• There are cultural, ethnic, and social reasons to cherish own languages.
• Arguably, Mandarin and Spanish are as vital in today’s world as English.
• What do we deduce from the fact that, globally, 80% of English speakers are non-native speakers?
• Conflict occurs despite English being widely spoken.
• The presumption that English is or should be the international language can lead to a lack of motivation to learn other languages and diminish our appreciation of other cultures.

10 Writers, like Dickens, draw our attention to injustice happening before our eyes. Write a commentary on any writer or writers that have stirred your conscience. • Candidates must give examples of writers and what they have exposed in terms of injustice. • It is not expected that those attempting this question know the work of Dickens and he does not have to feature in the example or examples. .

11 If you were the Culture Minister of your country, explain what your priorities would be.

• This is an open question but needs some definition of culture and ministerial responsibility. • Culture includes sport, leisure, folklore, artefacts as well as the Arts.
• ‘Your nation’ is a key phrase.

12 How effectively are your nation's characteristics conveyed by any creative artist whose work you have enjoyed?

• Examples are required and ‘your nation’ is a key phrase.
• Creative artists can include artists, sculptors, writers, dramatists and various performers.

June Paper 13

1 ‘Sport can promote social change.’ In what ways is this statement true?

• Sport is a unifying factor for all classes in society and can mobilise people into action nationally, especially during international sporting events.
• Sport is a ‘universal language’ that transcends language and cultural barriers; sports personalities can publicise health (HIV) and social (anti-racism) messages in their own societies as well as throughout the world.
 • Through sport, women can achieve recognition and possibly reduce gender inequality.
• Young people can escape the influence of gangs, drugs and crime through involvement in sports and discover new role models.
• Some might argue that sports are more neutral than political or religious groups and therefore are a more effective agent of social change.
• Private sponsors of sports often include a community element within their sponsorship programmes.

2 To what extent has the quality of life improved for people aged over 60 in your country? • Health and longevity. • Finance – pensions; jobs after retirement; benefits and concessions. • Leisure – availability of facilities and recreational pursuits. • Social – perception of pensioners/senior citizens. • Technology – its contributions. • Family – how changes in family structures have affected older people. Candidates will need to support their answers with varied and specific examples from their country to score well.

3 ‘Governments have a duty to interfere in people’s lives.’ What are the arguments for and against this view?

Arguments For
• Governments that are democratically elected have been given the task of enforcing laws and deciding social policies and in the course of doing so, must intervene in people’s lives, gather data, run awareness campaigns, etc.
• Many people are not fully able to make sound decisions about their lifestyle/behaviour or some prefer the government to decide for them.
• Vulnerable groups need protection, therefore the government imposes censorship.
• Standards need to be set for minimum wages, advertising, consumer products, etc.

Arguments Against
• Government interference is a slippery slope that may lead to dictatorship and totalitarian governments and demonstrates a mistrust of individual decision-making.
• The ‘nanny state’ which constantly interferes in people’s lives, from public campaigns about how much fruit and vegetables to eat to planning permission for extensions and regulating prescription drugs.
• Operating monopolies and nationalised industries which limit people’s choices.

4 ‘To raise standards, subjects such as art, music and drama should be removed from primary education so that there is more time for literacy and numeracy.’ Discuss.

 Yes – remove
• Recent studies in England suggest that 1 in 8 primary schools fail to reach minimum government literacy and numeracy targets. 20% of seven year old pupils fail to attain the basic literacy levels, while one in ten cannot perform simple sums expected of their age. Similar standards might be true of other countries.
• The arts could be offered as optional/after school activities rather than be in the curriculum.
• It is important to lay a strong literacy/numeracy foundation during primary education as these are the basic skills which are essential for jobs and life.
• In primary school, arts education is often poorly taught or offered at such a basic level due to lack of funding, etc. that its benefit is minimal.

No – retain
• Art, music and drama allow children to be expressive and creative. These subjects encourage children to be imaginative and think ‘outside of the box’.
• Arts education increases social and emotional development and supports numeracy and literacy in offering varied approaches to teaching core subjects.
• Children from low-income families often do not receive the same exposure as more affluent children and this exposure can help close the gap and offer enrichment experiences.
• Education systems throughout the world recognise the value of the arts as core curriculum subjects.

5 How far is it true to say that the Internet is a musician’s best friend and worst enemy?

 Best Friend
• Websites such as myspace and youtube have given musicians and singers platforms to publicise themselves and distribute music directly to listeners. For instance, teen star Justin Bieber catapulting to fame or Susan Boyle’s performance which became an internet viral hit.
• Personal websites / twitter/ facebook allow musicians to control/release information, videos and to interact with fans.
• iTunes and Amazon music sites allow people to buy individual songs, perhaps encouraging people to be more adventurous with new music.
• Many musicians offer free samples of their music online to try before buying.
• Helps fans to connect and group together. Worst Enemy
• Illegal downloads of music and videos are a threat to earnings. File-sharing sites make piracy very easy.
• Unknown talents find it more difficult to convince record companies to invest money in releasing new albums.

6 Genetically modified crops have been grown since the early 1990s and now account for 10% of the world’s cultivated land. Should GM crops still give us cause for concern?

 Causes for concern
• Persistent danger of GM crops that are not approved for human consumption getting mixed with the food supply. This has happened with corn and rice strains.
• Worry of GM crops triggering allergies in humans as some of the genes used are known to be allergenic.
• Other organisms might be harmed by GMO presence and this results in lower bio-diversity or extinction.
• Unexpected consequences from cross-breeding very differing species, for instance, tomatoes have had genes from flounders inserted to prolong shelf life.
• Poor labelling of food products so consumers cannot make informed choices about GMO consumption.
• Control of GM crops by multinationals, for instance, Monsanto. No cause for concern
• The risk of contamination of other crops is minimal with GM crops that are self-pollinating.
• GM crops have been grown for over a decade and fed millions with no major health issues arising.


7 People often overlook the benefits of exploring their own country when deciding on a holiday destination. Compare the benefits of holidaying in your own country with holidaying abroad.

 Benefits of Own Country
• Short breaks are easier to take and holidays are often cheaper as air/sea travel is less likely in domestic holiday.
• Injecting money into local/national economy is benefit to own country.
• Possibly easier for travelling with children/pets/people with mobility issues.
• Discovering national heritage, especially if country is large.
• Familiarity with food/language/cultural practices.
• Smaller carbon footprint.

Benefits Abroad
• Experiencing foreign cultures and perhaps visiting internationally famous attractions.
• Participating in activities not available at home, for instance, skiing, surfing.
• Better or ‘different’ weather/climate.
• Status of foreign holiday.
• Volunteering opportunities (helping in less economically developed countries).

8 Despite the progress made in science, people are still interested in the supernatural. Why is this so?

• Candidates may discuss the supernatural (that which exists above and beyond nature) and/or the paranormal (phenomena which are outside science’s current ability to explain/measure). It does not matter if the terms overlap.
• Examples might range from religious miracles; aliens; angels; mythical beings; magic; ghosts; telepathy; etc.
• Reasons for interest could include the refusal to accept scientific explanations; religious or spiritual belief; enjoyment of mystery; ignorance, etc.
• Candidates might interpret the supernatural as a debate about the existence of God/gods and credit should be given, though the question is not primarily focused on this but on the reasons for interest in matters that cannot be explained through science.


9 ‘Being fashionable is more about conformity than individuality.’ How far do you agree with this statement?

 Conformity
• Fashion satisfies both the desire for novelty and conformity.
• Following specific fashions in dress, taste, speech, lifestyle can confirm links to a particular age group; social class; gender, etc.
• Fashions which seem outrageous initially are often quickly adopted by a group, becoming less original.
• Decisions about what is fashionable are made by peers, the media and social convention. Individuality
• Fashion is a way to express one’s personality, for example, Lady Gaga.
• People can select elements of fashion to signal their individual traits.
• People express their individuality by starting new fashions.

10 ‘Radio broadcasting has no future.’ To what extent do you agree?

 Has a future
• There is a huge choice of radio stations, about 44000 internationally.
• Radio services can be accessed digitally as well as through terrestrial television and on the internet. • Live programmes can be paused, rewound and further information obtained through text and data services, thus increasing the popularity of radio broadcasts.
• Radio also continues to play an important role in local communities and especially during disasters or severe weather.
• Primary form of exposure for many artists.
• Radios are relatively cheap, portable and can be listened to whilst working/driving.
• Demand continues for programmes where listeners can phone in and interact.

No future
• Radio broadcasters pay millions for content and in royalties and need to keep investing in digital technology and this has to be balanced with the number of listeners and advertising revenue.
• Many people today prefer visual to solely audio programmes.
• Listeners want music on-demand.

11 Should the Arts play a role in political activism? Discuss with reference to specific examples.

 Yes
• The Arts bring creativity and freshness to political and social messages, from feminism to anti-war to environmentalism.
• With such a wide range (performance art; drama; songs; posters, etc.), they appeal to a broad spectrum of people and can serve to challenge, inspire and unite.
• Candidates are expected to refer to specific art works and/or prominent artists/activists to receive higher credit. No
• ‘Art is for art’s sake’ – true art should not have any didactic, moral or utilitarian function.
• Causes can be set back by works which are preachy or dogmatic.
• Artists who receive public funding should not engage in personal activism and may unwittingly divert public debate away from the cause to outraged discussion of ‘how taxes are wasted’.

12 Recommend an autobiography, personal memoir or diary and explain why you have enjoyed reading it.
• Do not automatically discredit responses where the book(s) cited is/are fictional, for instance, Harry Potter books. What is important is for candidates to explain how the autobiographical or memoir ‘elements’ of the book have been enjoyable to read.
• Answers that are largely narrative are unlikely to be in the top bands.
• Answers which discuss films/TV programmes rather than books can still be broadly relevant.

May June 2007 Paper 1 http://www.8mundo.com/file?id=1692012

1 Can politicians have any real influence in improving people’s lives? Refer to the Use of English & Content Tables in the mark scheme in arriving at your mark. Notes on interpreting question requirements: • The question is not seeking a ‘right’ answer. Any view as to the degree to which politicians can exert influence, and the nature of it, can receive Content marks. • Allow for a broad interpretation of ways in which politicians can exert influence (if at all). (Also note that ‘influence’ might imply that politicians need only be a ‘factor’, not necessarily the driving force.) ‘Politicians’ might refer to national/international/local figures. • Responses which focus only/mainly on one aspect of influence should not receive a content mark higher than Band 3. • Examples of areas for discussion and exploration with reference to the question include: ensuring national/international security safeguarding human rights formation and promotion of health, education and social policies and legislation representing views of electors power of individuals to improve their own lives other people/organisations who can improve people’s lives – and extent to which they may or may not be more powerful/effective than politicians This is NOT an exhaustive list, and it is not expected that a candidate will try and cover all of these areas for a mark in Band 1. • Give credit to use of appropriate local/national/international examples.

2 Is longer life expectancy always desirable?

Refer to the Use of English & Content Tables in the mark scheme in arriving at your mark. Notes on interpreting question requirements:

• The question is not seeking a ‘right’ answer. Any view as to the degree of ‘desirability’ can receive Content marks. • Examples of areas for discussion and exploration with reference to the question include: health; illness; suffering financial factors – pensions; care costs over/under-population circumstances of particular individuals: living conditions/access to support networks/family carers/ability to enjoy life how the stance taken might depend on one’s country/circumstances – e.g. likely contrasting differences of outlook in countries with a very low life expectancy compared with those with high life expectancy This is NOT an exhaustive list, and it is not expected that a candidate will try and cover all of these areas for a mark in Band 1. • Give credit to use of appropriate local/national/international examples.


3 ‘There is no place for the uneducated in today’s workforce’. Discuss. Refer to the Use of English & Content Tables in the mark scheme in arriving at your mark. Notes on interpreting question requirements: • The question is not seeking a ‘right’ answer. Any views about the statement in the question can receive Content marks. • NB Allow a broad interpretation of ‘education’, e.g to include skills training before and during employment, basic literacy/numeracy, post-16 education. • Examples of areas for discussion and exploration with reference to the question include: how the label ‘uneducated’ might be defined exploitation of workers with poor literacy/numeracy how a poorly educated workforce might not understand its rights/safety issues etc. role of different types of education in achieving a productive workforce dangers of ‘over-qualification’ reliance on uneducated workforce in areas such as subsistence farming, labour intensive factory work, menial and manual jobs This is NOT an exhaustive list, and it is not expected that a candidate will try and cover all of these areas for a mark in Band 1. • Give credit to use of appropriate local/national/international examples.

4 Does the traditional family have a future? Refer to the Use of English & Content Tables in the mark scheme in arriving at your mark. Notes on interpreting question requirements: • The question is not seeking a ‘right’ answer. Any view as to the extent to which the ‘traditional family’ does or does not have a future may receive Content marks. • Allow for broad and differing interpretations of what constitutes a ‘traditional family’. • Examples of areas for discussion and exploration with reference to the question include: how the term ‘traditional family’ might be interpreted (e.g. some cultures might think of it as an ‘extended’, others as a ‘nuclear’ family) growth in divorce rates and changes in attitudes to divorce patterns of cohabitation (in particular cultures) and alternatives to ‘traditional’ family structures changing attitudes to and legal recognition for non-traditional family structures – and what their effect might be forces, tensions and circumstances in the future which may change situation of the ‘family’ This is NOT an exhaustive list, and it is not expected that a candidate will try and cover all of these areas for a mark in Band 1. • Give credit to use of appropriate local/national/international examples.

5 ‘Success is due to luck – not ability or talent.’ Do you agree? Refer to the Use of English & Content Tables in the mark scheme in arriving at your mark. Notes on interpreting question requirements: • The question is not seeking a ‘right’ answer. Any degree of agreement/disagreement with the quotation may receive Content marks. • Allow a broad range of ideas about what constitutes ‘success’ (as always, bearing in mind the age group of the candidature). • Candidates do not need to separate ‘ability’ and ‘talent’ in their answer, or to see these as different things to be covered to gain full content marks. • Examples of areas for discussion and exploration with reference to the question include: what we mean by ‘success’ and different types of it – material/non-material examples of success, and instances of famous figures, past and present extent to which people might actually ‘make’ their own luck examples of being in the right place at the right time examples of where talent/ability has made someone successful extent to which ability/talent is innate (lucky?) or worked for examples of ‘chance’ discoveries in scientific/medical fields (are they through pure luck?) This is NOT an exhaustive list, and it is not expected that a candidate will try and cover all of these areas for a mark in Band 1. • Give credit to use of appropriate local/national/international examples.


 6 How far can international agreements be effective in solving international concerns? Refer to the Use of English & Content Tables in the mark scheme in arriving at your mark. Notes on interpreting question requirements: • The question is not seeking a ‘right’ answer. Any view as to the extent to which they can be effective may receive Content marks. • An answer which does not engage with ‘How far’ (to what extent) (either overall or for specific agreements, or both) should not receive a Content Band mark higher than band 3. • Examples of areas for discussion and exploration with reference to the question include: effectiveness of trade agreements; WTO role of international agreements in solving environmental problems (e.g. CO2 emissions) views about the G8 summit ; Kyoto the extent of the effectiveness of international organisations – e.g. UN, NATO, WHO the role of international charities who/what else might have a role to play in moving towards solutions? – e.g. the role of the individual/particular countries (subordination to a community of interest) This is NOT an exhaustive list, and it is not expected that a candidate will try and cover all of these areas for a mark in Band 1. • Give credit to use of appropriate local/national/international examples.

The Role of Luck in Success

"When people succeed, it is because of hard work. Luck has nothing to do with success." Do you agree or disagree with the quotation above? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position.

It has been said that when people succeed, it is because of hard work and that luck has nothing to do with success. Although I believe that hard work is very important and is the surest way to success for most people, I must disagree with this statement. It cannot be denied that luck often plays an important role in success. For example, many important discoveries have been made by accident. There have been many cases of researchers and inventors making major breakthroughs while they were actually trying to solve another problem or create a different device.

Furthermore, there is something to be said for simply being in the right place at the right time-perhaps meeting someone by chance who can offer a good job or rare opportunity. And of course, there are the rare examples of gamblers and lottery winners who beat the odds and achieve sudden and unexpected success.

While the influence of luck cannot be ignored, this is not to say that one should depend on it and ignore the value of hard work. If one is willing to work hard, I believe that success will eventually be achieved, with or without the added benefit of luck. Moreover, hard work is often an essential ingredient of luck because it enables one to take advantage of a lucky encounter. If the scientist has not worked hard to develop his knowledge and skills, he may not recognize that lucky breakthrough when it comes along.

Therefore, my suggestion is not to count on luck to bring you success. Instead, work hard and keep your eyes open for that lucky opportunity.

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Essay 2

Some people believe that success in life comes from taking risk or chance. Others believe that success results from careful planning. In your opinion, what does success come from? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Nothing ventured. Nothing gained. If our great explorers and scientists did not live by this creed, where would we be? I think that we must all take risks in our lives, but these must be calculated risks. Like the great thinkers of our time, we must plan carefully, seize all opportunities, and reevaluate our plans.

There is no such thing as a chance occurrence. Columbus in his search for the Indies drew maps, plotted his route carefully, and set out. Madam Curie worked diligently in her laboratory recording every aspect of her experiments. You need to have a careful plan so you can measure your success.

Even with a careful plan, changes occur. Columbus was looking for the Indies, but ended up in the Caribbean. Lewis and Clark were looking for a river passage west, but discovered much more. You have to be ready to take advantage of new things as they occur.

When things go against plan, you must be ready to change direction. Columbus didn’t bring back spices from the East Indies, he brought back gold from the West Indies. It is important to see the positive side of things. Make your mistakes work for you.

You will never succeed in life if you don’t take chance. But before you start, you must plan carefully so you are ready to take advantage of every opportunity and turn mistakes to your advantage.

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